Hackers and the Evolution of Intellectual Property Rights Essay

Hackers and the Evolution of mind Property RightsIntroduction According to Websters revise Unabridged Dictionary, theft is, The act of stealing specifically, the felonious taking and removing of personal property, with an intent to deprive the repairful owner of the same (Websters 2). Before the advent of movable type, no one had cause to apply this concept to information rather than physical property. If one were to steal a book, the act was easily recognized as of the same moral color as stealing a horse, a nugget of gold, or any other physical object. The thief?s possession of the stolen feature constituted the rightful owner?s lack of it, a loss both real and measurable. Today, theft seems a hazier concept, due to the popularization and codification of Intellectual Property (IP) rights. IP rights differ from standard property rights in that they signify an individuals right of ownership over intangible things (Kinsella 3). Arguably, the most important such things be pate nts and copyrights. Patents protect inventions, and copyrights protect original forms of expression (Fisher 1). In both cases, the right to ownership amounts to ownership of an idea, not a physical object.Intellectual Property Rights in the United States The first American federal copyright law was enacted in the first year after the states ratified the Constitution. The original protection extended was for a period of fourteen years, with one renewal possible at the end of the term assuming the continued survival of the author. As famously stated in an 1853 federal circuit court ruling over Uncle Tom?s Cabin, such protections provided for government intervention only to protect the author?s, ?exclusive right to print... ...insella, N. Stephan. ?In Defense of Napster and Against the Second Homesteading Rule?. LewRockwell.com. 4 Sept 2000. URL http//www.lewrockwell.com/orig/kinsella2.htmlSchwartz, John. ?A Heretical View of File Sharing?. New York Times Online. 5 April 20 04. URL http//query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30813?The Approved Licenses?. untied root system Initiative. 2004. URLhttp//www.opensource.org/licenses/index.phpThe Mentor. ?The Conscience of a Hacker?. 8 January 1986. URL http//surf.to/jaeger/hackman.html?The Open Source Definition?. Open Source Initiative. 2004.URL http//www.opensource.org/docs/definition.php?Theft?. Webster?s Revised Unabridged Dictionary. Dictionary.com. 6 May 2004. URL http//dictionary.reference.com/search?q=theft?Welcome to Open Source?. Open Source Initiative. 2004. URL http//www.opensource.org

Willy Loman as a Tragic Hero in Death of a Salesman Essay -- Death Sal

Willy Loman as Tragic Hero in Death of a Salesman Willy Loman, the troubled father and husband in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman, can be classified as a tragic hero, as defined by Aristotle in his work, Poetics. In Aristotles Poetics, a tragic hero was defined as one who falls from grace into a state of extreme despair. Willy, as we argon introduced to him, becomes increasingly miserable as he progresses from a dedicated, loving father, though not without flaws, into a suicidal, delusional man. The definition of a tragic hero, as tell in Poetics, also describes a person who is influential and is of significance to others. Though, in actuality, Willy Loman may not possess these characteristics, he perceives himself as having them as he c bes for himself, his children and his wife. A final distinction noted by Aristotle was that a tragic hero is not a bad person deserving of his impending misfortune, but instead, has make a series of mistakes leading to his downfall. We can see that Willy does not purposely create this harmful situation for himself, he is only ignorant that certain actions of his are wrong, which contribute to his self-ruin. Willy Loman therefore personifies the attributes of a tragic hero as proposed by Aristotle. Willy, with a house, a car, a demarcation, two sons whom he adores, and a supportive, caring wife, seems to go for everything that any man could ever want. He manages, however, to alienate himself from these things that he loves near the end of the play as he slips into a self-induced state of altered reality. Willy, being ...lonely...terribly lonely (Miller, page ) has an affair with a woman during his marriage to Linda. Even though Linda is not aware of this, or makes no mention of ... ...id not throw his sales skills sharpened, but he never purposely hurt the people in his life. Through the actions of Willy Loman, and the reactions of those around him, we can see that his character follows the model of a tragic hero presented by Aristotle in his works, Poetics. Willy passes through life in a path that begins with prosperity, as evidenced by his possessions and successful family, and ends with misery, when he loses his job and commits suicide. Willy has indeed made mistakes in his life, and we can recognize that they are mistakes and were never intended to harm anyone, but instead to satisfy his own needs. These characteristics then, by Aristotles determination, make him not a wicked man (Aristotle, 1303), and not a virtuous man, but a man whose place is between these extremes (Aristotle, 1303) by definition, the tragic hero.

Terry Kays To Dance With the White Dog :: To Dance With the White Dog

The Power of Love in Terry Kays To trip the light fantastic toe With the White give chaseTerry Kay said there was a grand romance of life between his parents. (179). Kay captures his parents undying love and celebrates his family in his novel To Dance With the White Dog. Kay believes that his parents love still carried on, even after their death. surface-to-air missile and Cora Peeks love is portrayed through the white wiener that Sam saw licking up grease on his back porch. Strangely, the white dog looked just like a dog that Sam and his wife had when they first were married. Another factor that makes the occurrence of the white dog even stranger is that it did not show up at Sams rear until after Cora died. Kay said that his parents had an undying love he uses his novel to express his parents love. Kay also notes that true love does not recognize the invention of time and can possibly carry on lasting for eternity. Whenever Sam Peek needed anyone, the white dog was there for him. The White dog would altogether show herself when she felt necessary. One night Sam Peeks hip was bothering him very bad. Sam got out of his chair to get a suffering pill but hit the floor soon after. The white dog strangely opened the door and was running around the yard. Kate, one of Sams daughters, saw the white dog. The white dog was trying to protect Sam and was only there for him in times of crisis. The white dog was possibly Coras undying love extending from heaven. Cora wanted to be there for Sam regardless of the boundaries and she was able to through the white dog. Later on in the book, Sam died from cancer. Sams youngest child, James, went to his parents grave. James walked into the plot, between the grave mounds of his mother and father, and he knelt. Then he saw them across the chest of sand on the grave of Robert Samuel Peek, he saw the paw prints, prints so light they could have been made by air. (178). Cora did not have to worry about Sam since he was finally w ith her in heaven. So as soon as Sam died, the white dog disappeared.Terry Kay believed that there was an undying love between his parents. That was explicit in the short time the white dog was with Sam.

mood, substance, and personality disorders Essay -- essays research pa

Mood, Substance, and Personality DisordersDo you know a person that has sudden mood swings? Do you wonder why they act like they do? Their actions could be a result of a type of mood incommode. Mood disorders are part of the Axis One disorders that are found in the DSM IV. Axis One is all categories of disorders except for personality disorders. People who have mood disorders are diagnosed to have a pattern of exacting depressive and manic episodes. One major mood disorder that will be discussed is bipolar disorder. People who are bipolar tend to have episodes of both cacoethes and depression, some sequence by themselves or sometimes mixed. Some of the symptoms are a very active social life, rapid speech, racing thoughts, lack of sleep and no concern about losing sleep, false belief of having special talents, and the inability to keep ones attention focused. Bipolar is equally as common in men and in women. However, depressive episodes are more common for women with the disorder than for men. Because of the seriousness of this disorder it is important that it is professionally treated. If the disorder is not treated or if intercession is discontinued, a person can become impaired or extremely symptomatic.Richard Gere plays the main character in the movie Mr. Jones. Mr. Jones is a character that has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder or as a manic-depressive. The movie begins in one of Jones highs or manic episode. He is a child in an adults personate he musical notes invincible, like he can do anything. The first episode that sends him into the genial hospital is when he walks out on a high transport at a construction site thinking that he can fly. His second episode is at a symphony concert he jumps on stage and tries to lead the orchestra, feeling he could do a better job then the conductor. His doctor, Dr. Elizabeth Brown, diagnosed Jones with bipolar disorder because he has impaired judgment, he is super agitated, he has rapid speech, and audio hallucinations. He is unable to fell pleasure, and he has major mood swings. When he was in the hospital he was depressed most(prenominal) of the time he missed his highs because they were fun. When he had his downs they tended to be destructive he overreacted when he did not get his way. The movie seemed to be very accurate to what we lettered in class an... ...ves.The movie Girl Interrupted is a true story about a young woman who was put into a mental institute and diagnosed with borderline personality disorder. Winona Ryder plays Susanna, who was just a girl who had a hard time telling the difference between dreams and reality. She was put into the hospital because she well-tried to commit suicide by taking a bottle of aspirin and drinking a bottle of vodka at the same time. When Susanna first got to the hospital, she did not feel that she needed to be there. However, she did agree that she was depressed and needed to rest. She also had a hard time developing healthy relation ships and could not distinguish an identity for herself. During the time before she realized she had a problem she had flashbacks of the moments that may have led to her disorder. Because she wanted to get out of the hospital, she began to tell her doctors every thought she had. By doing this she elderly herself. Susanna finally knew what she wanted to do and who she wanted to be. Overall this movie did an awesome job of depicting all the disorders in the movie as well as borderline personality disorder. This movie is one of my favorites I would recommend it to anyone.

Biography of Nellie Tayloe Ross Essay -- Bio Biograhies Nellie Ross E

Biography of Nellie Tayloe Ross Nellie Tayloe was a muliebrity of remarkable skills, responsibility and endurance. Before she became the first woman governor of the United States, Nellie was a kindergarten teacher and a presenter of informative papers at her local womens group. She also helped her husband with his law utilize as hale as his governorship.Nellie was born in Missouri in 1876. She was the sixth child and the first daughter of pack and Lizzie Tayloe (Scheer, 2). Nellie was very private close her childhood and little is known about the family from which she came. The only story of her childhood that she ever shared was of her home being destroyed by a displace (Scheer, 1). In 1902, she became Nellie Tayloe Ross after marrying a successful lawyer and future governor of Wyoming, William Bradford Ross. Nellie was a stay at home mother with their four sons twins George and James Ambrose, Alfred, who died at the age of ten months, and William Bradford II (Mackey, 26).In 1924, just one month before the general election, William Bradford Ross died of complications from appendicitis, leaving the democrats without a candidate (Thompson, 36-37). Many of Nellies friends, ... encouraged her to seek the Democratic Partys nomination (Mackey, 26). Analysis once suggested that ... women are put forward when their parties feel that they have little take a chance of winning and nothing to lose by nominating a controversial candidate (Thompson, 36-37). Ross defeated Sullivan (the republican candidate) by more than 8000 votes.During her reign as Governor of Wyoming Nellie Tayloe Ross address many issues including the states budget deficit. While looking into the mining operations, Ross found that a lot of proper... ... A womens dormitory, on the campus of the University of Wyoming, was named after her Nellie Tayloe Ross Hall. In 1977, at the age of 101, Nellie died from a fall in her apartment near Washington D.C.. She was buried in Cheyenne, Wyoming (Scheer, 2 13-214). Her contributions to Wyoming helped pave the way for future generations of politicians as well as women and womens rights.Works CitedMackey, Mike. Nellie Tayloe Ross and Wyoming Politics. Journal of the West 42(2003) 25-31, 33.Scheer, Teva J. Governor Lady The Life and quantify of Nellie Tayloe Ross. Columbia, MO University of Missouri Press, 2005.Thompson, D. Claudia. Governor Lady The Life and Times of Nellie Tayloe Ross. Annals of Wyoming 78(2006) 36-37.Van Pelt, Lori. Discovering Her Strength The Remarkable Transformation of Nellie Tayloe Ross. Annals of Wyoming 74(2002) 4.

Biography of Nellie Tayloe Ross Essay -- Bio Biograhies Nellie Ross E

Biography of Nellie Tayloe Ross Nellie Tayloe was a woman of remarkable skills, responsibility and endurance. Before she became the first woman governor of the United States, Nellie was a kindergarten teacher and a presenter of informative papers at her local womens group. She also helped her husband with his law practice as well as his governorship.Nellie was born in molybdenum in 1876. She was the sixth child and the first daughter of James and Lizzie Tayloe (Scheer, 2). Nellie was very private about her childhood and little is known about the family from which she came. The only spirit level of her childhood that she ever shared was of her home being destroyed by a fire (Scheer, 1). In 1902, she became Nellie Tayloe Ross after marrying a successful lawyer and next governor of Wyoming, William Bradford Ross. Nellie was a stay at home mother with their four sons twins George and James Ambrose, Alfred, who died at the age of ten months, and William Bradford II (Mackey, 26).In 19 24, meet one month before the general election, William Bradford Ross died of complications from appendicitis, leaving the democrats without a candidate (Thompson, 36-37). Many of Nellies friends, ... encouraged her to seek the Democratic Partys nomination (Mackey, 26). Analysis once suggested that ... women are put forward when their parties feel that they have little chance of winning and nothing to lose by nominating a contentious candidate (Thompson, 36-37). Ross defeated Sullivan (the republican candidate) by more than 8000 votes.During her reign as regulator of Wyoming Nellie Tayloe Ross addressed many issues including the states budget deficit. While flavor into the mining operations, Ross found that a lot of proper... ... A womens dormitory, on the campus of the University of Wyoming, was named after her Nellie Tayloe Ross Hall. In 1977, at the age of 101, Nellie died from a fall in her flat near Washington D.C.. She was buried in Cheyenne, Wyoming (Scheer, 213-214). He r contributions to Wyoming helped pave the way for future generations of politicians as well as women and womens rights.Works CitedMackey, Mike. Nellie Tayloe Ross and Wyoming Politics. Journal of the West 42(2003) 25-31, 33.Scheer, Teva J. Governor Lady The Life and Times of Nellie Tayloe Ross. Columbia, MO University of Missouri Press, 2005.Thompson, D. Claudia. Governor Lady The Life and Times of Nellie Tayloe Ross. account of Wyoming 78(2006) 36-37.Van Pelt, Lori. Discovering Her Strength The Remarkable Transformation of Nellie Tayloe Ross. Annals of Wyoming 74(2002) 4.

Social Issues in Colonial Africa

The title of a book may give the reader an idea of the base or it may make more sense after reading the book. The title Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad prepares the reader for something unpleasant.The title Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe also gives the reader a hint of bad things to come. After reading both it is clear to the reader the titles refer to the terrible social issues caused by the way of European colonizers in Africa.The loweringness is not just the absence of light typical in an African jungle. It is the mental and emotional dark side of the colonizers, and the dark result of their intrusion on African societies. There are many things that fall apart in Africa when the Europeans arrive. There is an immediate breakdown in converse between the two cultures. Then the domination and brutality of the Europeans causes the African society to fall apart.both books show the terrible result to the Africans at the hands of the Europeans. Both authors are very effective i n bringing the reader into the story. However, each author uses different methods and styles to illustrate the social attitudes, issues and impact arising from colonization.Joseph Conrad uses a narrator, Charlie Marlow, to tell the story of Heart of Darkness. Marlow is a sailor who tells his shipmates the story of how he had worked for a European trading company in Africa.He was employed to take a boat up-river from a company headquarters to bring back Mr. Kurtz, their best ivory trader. Marlow soon witnesses the European attitude and treatment of the Africans. He describes the horrible scene of the Europeans slave laborers They were decease slowlyit was very clear.They were not enemies, they were not criminals, they were nothing earthly nownothing but black shadows of disease and starvation, lying confusedly in the unripened gloom (Conrad 64). One of the men who worked at the station was a clerk who tells Marlow When one has got to make correct entries, one comes to hate those sav ageshate them to the death (Conrad 66).Marlow learns that the air of the Europeans at their headquarters is just the beginning. Although Kurtz is the companys best ivory trader, he is described as much more to Marlow He is a portentan emissary of pity, of science, and progress, and devil knows what else (Conrad 75). Marlow can begin to see the dark side of the company as the clerk relates Marlow is of the new gangthe gang of virtue.The same tribe who sent him specially also recommended you (Conrad 75). Marlow discovers a report Kurtz had written for the company describing his experience in the jungle with the Africans. Marlow states that in light of all that happened, and would happen, the beginning of the muniment strikes me now as ominous.He began with the argument that we whites, from the point of development we had arrived at approach them with the might of a deity (Conrad 111).It is obvious that Kurtz realized that with all of the modern European goods and weapons he would appear to the Africans as some sort of superior being. What would be even more ominous was Kurtz note at the foot of the last scalawag Exterminate all the brutes (Conrad 111).

Cruise Tourism Industry

Cruise tourism manufacture is has become the most important icon of upstart tourism in the 21st century. This has mainly been prompted by the changing human utilitarian demands and globalization which makes it much easier to move and interact with environment and other sight. Besides, it has been boosted by Brobdingnagian advancement in technology that makes it easy for the people to move out within the highest considerations of safety, comfort, and precise predetermination of the evaluate destination.Cruise tourism industry has disposed(p) the tourism total revolution making the industry to be one of the most important sectors in the world economy (Kingston, 2006). However the development and emerging of the industry is highly dependent on the emergent issues that directly affect the world economy as the main source of consumers for the industry, the international peace & stableness especially of the destination regions, the environmental considerations for the industry, and the regions of destination. Of greater importance however, is the consumers desire to explore and experience new aspects and phenomenon different from their home settings.Besides, it forms a direct platform for efficient research in different aspects of psychology, natural sciences, social interactions and technological applications (Wood, 2000). Therefore, it depicts a coterminous entity upon where vast applications can be simultaneously applied and studied with ease. Overview of the canvass industry Historical background and development of the industry The current Cruise tourism industry has a long history dating back to the easy 19th century when Prinzessin Victoria Luise was finished and commissioned by Hamburg-American Line Company for Transatlantic expeditions.However, historians argue that journey voyages cast existed since the famous travel of Christopher Columbus. though scholars hasten sharply been divided over the issue, a common ground appears to have been reached with re-definition of tourism and characterisation of its different aspects. Most of the ancient voyages were driven by desire to search for new lands and exploit them for economic gains and less concerned with need for pleasure and site seeing of the current tourism (Kingston, 2006).However, it is very cleared that the modern system has directly been shaped by the historical connotations and vastly modified by advancement in technology to reflect its present situation. During the middle 20th century, intercontinental travellers liberally used moves for their movement collectable to the resultant comfort and good experience attached to it (Abraham & Yoel, 1999). However, most of them were directly travel orientated and had less to do with tourism demands. It was due to these experiences that the current systems of massive sail ventures largely establish its basement and progress.More canvass ships specifically meant for holiday were established with greater emphasis for c omfort and satisfaction being given much higher priorities (Charles &Brent, 2006). However, most of the cruise considerations were thought to be reservations for the upper class while the bring low classes had no position in the same type of expeditions. The current cruise ships are fully inclusive and entirely meant for all the people as the monetary value adjusts downwards with the rising suppliers of the services. Organization and management Due to the high returns from the industry, massive investments have been mobilized by the different cruise industries.Unlike the previous travelling where much little and simpler systems exploitd with greater focus of transferring people from one destination to another only, the current cruise ships are organised much like float hotels with complete cordial reception staff. In the majestic Caribbean International, the staffs in the ship are equal or slightly less than the number of tourists on-board. Effective coordination and management with technicians, engineers, security, and astrologists form the technical bench in the MS Liberty of the Seas.Besides, they are well manned from the land by constant coordination with the base surveillance monitoring unit via satellite. In the minors of the Sea, several thousand meals are several thousand meals are served at any particular sitting. The system has been equated to an ecological unit with all the systems highly mutually beneficial and fully self sustaining with minimal external monitoring. Demand for the cruise tourism Since late 1980s, the demand for cruise tourism has powerfully modernizen globally as different generations shift the approach to tourism to become part of their lifestyle demands which sets a strong mark of achievement.Compared to the demand during the rebirth of the industry in 1980s, the demand had double by the year 2005. An average of 500,000 people in North America took cruises by the onset of 1980s (Zeneth, 2008). However, the industry wa s marred by uncertainty due to poor development of technology and lack of enough information for the industry. Besides, cruising was mostly undertaken in US and Eastern Europe only with other countries being at the tender ages of developing their systems. Since then, the demand has been rising at an average rate of 8% annually and is expected to reach a total of 10 gazillion cruises by the year 2007.This number has been projected to continue rising as more players have jeopardyd into the market shifting the previously upper class venture consideration to an all people exercises for quicker expansion of the blood line. By 2015, it is predicted that the number of people cruising the oceans will reach 17 million a 70% plus on the 2000 total number. According to the cruise lines international (CLIA), the demand from the people is double the current number of the cruisers but strongly restricted by view which hinders accessibility (Chris et al, 2008).The most visited region is the Caribbean with over 80% of the tourists it every year. Europe regions are too greatly visited especially on the Mediterranean Sea routes. However, refrain demand is shifting to the Baltic land along Copenhagen, Tallinn, Stockholm, Helsinki and St. Petersburg ports. Supply of cruise tourism Arguably, the supply of Cruise touristry has been rising very fast over the last three decades. However, the pace is considered to be a slow one compared to the level of demand by the people for the same services.As indicated earlier cruise tourism is one of the most expensive ventures in the world. Though most travellers view is as a system of get-enjoy-achievement, the underlying harmonization entails vast demands in terms of engineering, coordination and human labour management, security connotation, and international considerations of environment and related protocols. As a result, only few industries have been wiling to venture into the complicated business (Charles &Brent, 2006). This ha s left the field to smaller ships with much lower holding capacities to operate the lucrative business.The modern carriers are generally much bigger with massive and go facilities to hold and secure more consumers with higher levels of comfort during the voyage. Currently, Carnival Corporations is one of the largest cruise companies owning Princess Cruise ship, Swan Hellenic, P& O Cruises and Costa Cruises among others operating US and Europe. By 2010, the company aims at having over 100 cruise ships added to the current 200 operating in the sea. Other study operators and suppliers of the services include Royal Caribbean which is highly established in the North American region.It serves the tourists even to further destinations like Bermuda regions and the polar areas. Norwegian Cruise Lines serves most of the Europe especially along the Mediterranean sea with extension to the polar regions and the Baltic lands. Currently, cruise tourism is becoming a mass market with other major players like India, China, Japan, and capital of Singapore establishing their cruising tourism systems to tap the fast rising demand. In US, 1/3 of the cruise sails from the port of Miami with others sailing from Port Everglades, Port Canaveral, New York, Tampa, Galveston, and San Juan.Many of the UK cruise lines operate from Barbados (Zeneth, 2008). Economic aspects of cruise tourism Due to the high demands for the cruise services in the world, most of the countries have greatly reaped from the establishment. With the currently demand being expected to rise to 11. 9 and 5. 3 million in America and Europe respectively, World Trade Organization indicates that the sector will form a strong economic support for the individual countries by the year 2015. International Council of Cruise Lines indicates that the industry is riding a strong line of consumer demand improving the economic conditions in North America.According to Zeneth (2008), an average economic impact of the cruise industr y spending is estimated at US $ 1, 523 million annually including the total consumption of the ship and passengers. Owing to the current growth rate of the industry, the amount is expected to double as the industry becomes more vibrant and more players venture into the business. Most of the seaports where the cruise ships take off have highly developed from the business. Scholars argue that the flavour and taste of port cities like Miami, St.Peters burg and Barbados have fully changed to reflect the new ideals of superiority and expensive derivation. The efficiency of the services and facilities offered in these towns have greatly increased with modern aspects relating to cruise tourism improving with speed to cater for the fast increment business (Chris et al, 2008). In Australia, the Cruise industry is expected to contribute immensely to the countrys economy in the next decade. Most of the industries specializing in human services preparation have found special niches where they can get fast market for their products and services.Environmental aspects of cruise tourism Though this industry is fast growing and offering vast promises to the investors and the economy, major concerns have been cited in its application and which requires strong consideration unavoidable for reducing possible negative effects. Over the years, environment has become a major concern for the cruise tourism industry. Taking into consideration that most of the cruise ships are very large and hold vast numbers of people, the system is also expected to generate vast wastes and emissions into the environment as it tries to sustain them and itself (Sarah & Claudia, 2008).Most of the cruise ships are petroleum driven and consume vast quantities of fuel. This is mainly used in production of electricity used in cooking, propelling the ship and maintaining its on-board supportive systems. As a result, it releases vast emissions into the atmosphere contributing to global warming. With the cur rent rise in production and use of large cruise ship in the world, their total part into the atmosphere has been projected to surpass vehicles production by 2015.A large Cruise ship like Royal Caribbean International has been indicated to have higher capacity to produce envisions equal to to production of 1200 cars (Zeneth, 2008). Owing to the large numbers of the people involved, vast quantities of food prepared and served, supportive services like cleaning and maintenance of these ships during the voyages, they release a lot of effluents and solid wastes into the sea. Most of the petroleum effluents have high sulphur contents that easily change the properties the immediate water threatening the vast biodiversity in the cruise ship travelling lines.Cleaning and maintenance of the cruise ship involves use of chemicals that too end up in the waste stream coming from the ship. The argument that ocean water forms strong and effective dilution mediums that have high capacity to assimil ate most of their wastes is totally wrong. The International Convention for the Prevention of Ship Pollution denotes the essence of respecting the ecological integrity and sanctity necessary for harmonious coexistence of all the ecosystems. During the year 2002, the massive death of Penguins in the southern polar region was attributed to ship pollution (Sarah & Claudia, 2008).Solid wastes management has also posed massive threats to the wildlife in the sea. Most of the lines along the cruise ship path ways highly littered with plastic bags and metallic cans for refreshments. Conclusion and recommendation Cruise ship industry has been growing at a tremendous rate since mid 20th century. This has been caused by the fast rising demand and opening up of the industry to all the people as opposed to the prior social classes consideration. As a result more players and investors have entered into the industry opening its lager contribution to the world economy.Arguably, the last two decades have seen US and Europe dominate the world cruise market with large percentage. However, other players from developing countries have efficaciously come up to participate in fast growing sector. Cruise tourism holds the key to the future of tourism industry as people change their consumerism patterns for different services (David & Richard, 2008). However, the industry should address issues relating to its negative impacts especially to the environment.Most importantly, the company owners should establish better ships that have higher fuel combustion efficiency in order to reduce the overall emissions to the atmosphere. Besides, liquid and solid waste treatment systems should also be installed to reduce their poisonous nature to the marine environment along the routes that these cruise ships follow. Reference list Abraham, P. & Yoel, M. (1999). Consumer behaviour in travel and tourism. Bonn Haworth Press. Chris, C. , John, F. , Stephen, W. & David, G. (2008). Tourism Principles an d Practice. Geneva Pearson Education. Charles, R. &Brent, R. (2006).Tourism Principles, Practices, Philosophies. New York John Wiley and Sons. Kingston, R. (2006). Cruise Ship Tourism. New York CABI. David, J. & Richard, S. (2008). Tourism and ontogenesis in the Developing World. London R outledge publishing press. Sarah, V. & Claudia, C. (2008). Water Pollution Issues and Developments. Brussels Nova Publishers. Wood, R. (2000) Caribbean cruise tourism globalization at sea, Annals of Tourism Research, 27(2), 345-70 Zeneth, P. (2008). Tourism development Analytical consideration of Cruise tourism industry, Journal of tourism management, 29(41) 401-469

Citizenship and Governance

Every individual contributes to the making and unmaking of governments and society. While certain individuals dont necessarily go in activities which contribute to the interests of the society they live in and governments which preside over it, most dont exactly contribute to the detriment of the system and institutions which they belong to either.In response to Aristotles theme of what a citizen is and should constitute, in which he pronounces that one is only to be identified as such if he or she has the capacity and time for governance I believe it overlooks other relevant duties and responsibilities an individual has and will continually have, as well as the multi-dimensional aspects of humanity which need not solely be intent to the instance of keeping to strictures and to public governance.I believe that as a working wife and mother, I reserve the right to be afforded the term citizen as do all parent who has to juggle domestic and familial duties with career and paid work. The bulk of necessary responsibilities and obligations which fall on people such as myself discounts me from decision the time or capacity to engage in matters concerning national governance, but that shouldnt deprive me of being acknowledged as a citizen of this country.The necessary duties and obligations I whitethorn have to society and to government is necessarily fulfilled in looking after my children, and ensuring that they grow up to be responsible citizens and individuals like myself and by fighting(a) in the work force or labor system, I dont believe my effort falls short of what is to be generally expected of any and every individual in this country.Ultimately, theres more than one thing to consider when it comes to regarding and acknowledging an individuals apparent citizenship and significance to his or her country and it is not, and should not be confined solely to ones amour in public governance.

Forty Hadith Imam Nawawi

emailprotected com Commentaries on imaum Nawawis Forty Hadith The collection of Forty Hadith by al- imaum al-Nawawi (or Imam Nawawi) has been kn give, accepted and send wordd by Muslim scholars for the ending s thus far centuries. Its signifi loaferce lay in the fact that these selected forty hadiths comprise the main essential and unfathomed innovations of Islam which, in turn, construct the minimum level of required revealed knowledge for every single Muslim.Since having exhaustively knowledge of the various fundamental aspects of the religion is key to a Muslims practice and application of Islam, this web site attempts to provide simple and practical commentaries to the collection of Imam Nawawis Forty Hadith. Various principles be contained in these hadiths, such(prenominal) as belief, Muslim ethics and fiqh. As such, it is very primal to exhaust a salutary taking into custody of these hadiths based on scholarly interpretations. In addition, these commentaries withal bear witness to offer discussions on related contemporary spots pertaining to authoritative concepts menti wizardd in these hadiths. p //fo tyhadi th. iiu e m r . du. y h p //f o tyhadi th. iiu e m /hadi ths . h m r . du. y t PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory professional trial interpreting http//www. pdffactory. com emailprotected com 1. Actions argon judged by roles It is assured on the office of Amirul Muminin, Abu Hafs Umar bin al-Khattab, radiyallahu anhu, who verbalise I reveald the messenger of Allah, sallallahu alayhi wasallam, word Actions be (judged) by motives (niyyah), so each creation go forthing cod what he intended. thence, he whose migration (hijrah) was to Allah and His Messenger, his migration is to Allah and His Messenger hardly he whose migration was for near worldly issue he might gain, or for a wife he might marry, his migration is to that for which he migrated. Al-Bukhari & Muslim mise en scene This hadith was said by the professi onalphet, sallallahu alayhi wasallam, at the cartridge clip when a adult male emigrated from Makkah to Madinah during the Hijrah for the pastime of marrying umteen angiotensin-converting enzyme and non for the sake of Islam. It is considered to be one of the sterling(prenominal) hadiths in Islam.Al-Imam al-Shafie said This Hadith is one third of the knowledge of Islam related to intimately 70 topics of Fiqh. Al-Imam Ahmad (with reference to al-Imam al-Shafies statement) said Islam is based on ternion fundamentals (all argon among the 40 hadiths ) i. Hadith 1 which is stated above. h p //fo tyhadi th. iiu e m r . du. y h p //f o tyhadi th. iiu e m /hadi ths . h m r . du. y t PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial var. http//www. pdffactory. com emailprotected com ii. iii. Hadith 5 Whosoever introduces into this affair of ours (i. . Islam) something that does non fit to it, it is to be rejected. Hadith 6 Truly, what is lawful is evident, and what is unlawful is e vident, and in between the two be matters which are doubtful which many flock do non know These three hadiths are agreed upon by Al-Bukhari and Muslim. These hadiths can be designn as three criteria to help Muslims judge and judge what they do and adduce as an i enceinteah in their daily life i. ii. Hadith 1 To evaluate and judge our internal actions (actions of the heart).Hadith 5 To evaluate and judge our external actions (actions of the limbs). Hadith 6 To evaluate and judge our dealings muamalat (interaction between raft). iii. Niyyah ( aspiration) has two sloshedings i. The intention forwards an i unfavorableah (e. g. prayer) The leaveingness ii. The hour meaning (ii. ) is what is meant in this hadith. lessons The Prophet, sallallahu alayhi wasallam, starts the hadith with the principle (Actions are judged by intentions) and then gives three compositors casesetters cases. This is the methodology of the Prophet, sallallahu alayhi wasallam.The examples help illus trate the principle so that it is easier for mickle to understand and they can apply the principle to opposite similar situations. The three examples consist of one of heartfelt intention (migration for the sake of Allah and His Messenger) and two of uncool intentions (migration for the sake of worldly gains or for marriage). This hadith emphasises ikhlas (sincerity to be faithfulnessful and honest to Allah alone, execute an act altogether for Allahs sake whereby no opposite witness just Allah is sought). Ikhlas is one of the conditions of accepting corking kit and boodle.The other condition is that the actions essential be through with(p) in ossification with the Shariah as it provide be explained in the fifth hadith. This can be seen in the shahadah I bear witness that thither is no god but Allah is the ikhlas ensuring that we do things for the sake of Allah and Allah alone. I bear witness that Mohammed is the Messenger of Allah the Sunnah is the manifestatio n of the leger the Prophet, sallallahu alayhi wasallam, is our example, our better model to follow. Following his Sunnah in our ibadah, Akhlaq (ethics), and Muamalat (dealings) nsures that we are acting in accordance with the Shariah. Thus, the shahadah shows us the conditions for accepting a deed or performing an action (a) it should be for the sake of Allah be event He is the wholly One we fear, and (b) it should be in accordance with the Shariah. h p //fo tyhadi th. iiu e m r . du. y h p //f o tyhadi th. iiu e m /hadi ths . h m r . du. y t PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http//www. pdffactory. com emailprotected com To achieve ikhlas, we have to subjugate shirk (associating others with Allah, which causes insincerity).AlImam al-Harawi said the root cause for insincerity (or shirk) is self-desire (al-hawa). Therefore no action should be through because of self-desire. Imam al-Harawi states that on that point are 7 types of self-desiresi. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. To put forward oneself bet good in the hearts of others To seek the praises of others To avoid being blamed by others To seek the glorification of others To seek the wealth/money of others To seek the services or screw of others To seek the help of others for oneself vii. Ways to obtain ikhlas Do counterbalanceeous conks the much good deeds we do and hence get destruction to Allah, the more sincere we leave alone be. in the first place we do any deed we should firstly seek knowledge (ilm) our actions/deeds should be guided by knowledge so that we do them in accordance to the Shariah. Do non give false impressions do non halt others believe that an action we did was good when it was not. Al-Imam Ahmad said Before you do anything, dampen your intention (niyyah) ask yourself before performing an action Is it for the sake of Allah? Ibnu al-Qayyim says Any action we do is posit to three defects i. ii. Being sure that others are observing our actions Seeki ng a return (benefit/reward) for the action Being satisfied with the action ii. Examples If we go to the masjid for the salaah and we are early, arriving before the Imam and finding a place in the first saff, we should not be proud of ourselves and hypothecate of ourselves being better than others. We should praise Allah for enabling us to go to the masjid and for being able to perform the salah without any difficulties. After every salah, we should tell ourselves that we could have performed it better and try to improve in our adjoining salah. What happens if we were to change our niyyah while performing an action?Ibn Rajab says according to the ulama if the niyyah at the end of the action matches the beginning (i. e. doing the action for the sake of Allah), then any changes in the inwardness of the action will be forgiven or does not matter, insha Allah. However, if the niyyah at the end does not match the beginning, i. e. we do the action for other than the sake of Allah, t hen we moldiness atone (taubah). There are four things that contradict ikhlas i. ii. Masiat committing sins this will weaken our ikhlas Shirk associating others with Allah p //fo tyhadi th. iiu e m r . du. y h p //f o tyhadi th. iiu e m /hadi ths . h m r . du. y t PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http//www. pdffactory. com emailprotected com iii. iv. Riya performing an ibadah with the intention of showing off to others Nifaq hypocrisy Even though we must everlastingly make sure that our actions do not deviate from ikhlas, there are actions, which are automatically considered that of good intentions. For example, seek knowledge in Islam, helping the community, doing dawah, etc.Some rulings (ahkam) which scholars derived from this hadith When people swear by Allah by saying Wallahi every now and then, their intention is not that they actually swear by Allah. They say it simply out of habit it readily rolls off their tongue. Hence, it is harmless. Ho wever a Muslim should do his/her best to minimize it. When someone is asked to give an oath, what is judged is his intention when he gives the oath. There can be a combination of intentions between performing an ibadah and teaching others we perform an ibadah for the sake of Allah, but we also do it with the intention of teaching others. . g. when the Prophet, sallallahu alayhi wasallam, performed the Hajj, he did it for the sake of Allah as well as for teaching the Sahabah (his companions, may Allah be pleased with them all). A man may go through the process of divorcing his wife, verbally or in court, but it is his intention which counts. What could be seen as ghibah (backbiting talking bad, but true, things about a person behind his back) could simply be a joke or a dua. If someone talks bad about someone else, it is his intentions, which determines whether it is ghibah or not. conclusionOur actions are undermined by our intentions whether they are good intentions or bad in tentions. Therefore we should always check our intentions before we do or say anything. We must make sure that the action is for the sake of Allah so that it is accepted by Allah and that we will be rewarded for it, insha Allah. h p //fo tyhadi th. iiu e m r . du. y h p //f o tyhadi th. iiu e m /hadi ths . h m r . du. y t PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http//www. pdffactory. com emailprotected com 2. Islam, Iman, Ihsan, Qadar besides on the authority of Umar, radiyallahu anhu, who said p //fo tyhadi th. iiu e m r . du. y h p //f o tyhadi th. iiu e m /hadi ths . h m r . du. y t PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http//www. pdffactory. com emailprotected com While we were one day sitting with the Messenger of Allah, sallallahu alayhi wasallam, there appeared before us a man dressed in extremely white clothes and with very black hair. No traces of journeying were visible on him, and none of us knew him. He sat down close by the Prophet, sa llallahu alayhi wasallam, rested his knee over against his thighs, and said, O Muhammad Inform me about Islam. Said the Messenger of Allah, sallallahu alayhi wasallam, Islam is that you should testify that there is no deity save Allah and that Muhammad is His Messenger, that you should perform salah (ritual prayer), pay the zakah, fast during Ramadan, and perform Hajj (pilgrimage) to the House (the Kabah at Makkah), if you can find a way to it (or find the means for making the journey to it). Said he (the man), You have spoken truly. We were astonished at his thus questioning him and telling him that he was right, but he went on to say, Inform me about iman (faith). He (the Messenger of Allah) answered, It is that you believe in Allah and His angels and His Books and His Messengers and in the Last Day, and in fate (qadar), some(prenominal) in its good and in its evil aspects. He said, You have spoken truly. Then he (the man) said, Inform me about Ihsan. He (the Messenger of A llah) answered, It is that you should serve Allah as though you could see Him, for though you cannot see Him yet He sees you. He said, Inform me about the second. He (the Messenger of Allah) said, About that the one questioned knows no more than the questioner. So he said, Well, inform me about the signs thereof (i. e. of its coming). Said he, They are that the slave-girl will give birth to her mistress, that you will see the barefooted ones, the naked, the destitute, the herdsmen of the sheep (competing with each other) in raising rare buildings. Thereupon the man went off. I waited a while, and then he (the Messenger of Allah) said, O Umar, do you know who that questioner was? I replied, Allah and His Messenger know better. He said, That was Jibril. He came to teach you your religion. Muslim background Al-Imam Muslim says Towards the end of his life, Abdullah bin Umar (the son of Umar bin alKhattab) was told by two people that a new Islamic sect had emerged from Iraq. Th ey were called AlQadariah and they denied al-qadar (fate). Thus Abdullah bin Umar narrated this hadith which mentions qadar as one of the pillars of Iman to refute the misconception of this sect. lessons This hadith teaches the adab (ethics) of seeking knowledge We should be clean and wear clean clothes. We should sit properly and appressed to the speaker.Asking questions for better understanding. Seek knowledge from the right source/authority. The method of seeking knowledge is through inquire questions The type of questions we ask should be meaningful questions that will lead to valuable knowledge and good action. h p //fo tyhadi th. iiu e m r . du. y h p //f o tyhadi th. iiu e m /hadi ths . h m r . du. y t PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http//www. pdffactory. com emailprotected com Asking good questions will result in better learning as well as teaching.Those who are present when the questions are asked will also learn from the answers thus, t he questioner is teaching the others. When Ibn Abbas, one of the greatest Scholars among the Sahabahs, was asked how he obtained all his knowledge, he replied with an inquisitive tongue (i. e. he always asked questions) and a contemplating heart. In many hadiths the Prophet, sallallahu alayhi wasallam, himself will start by asking questions before he imparts with knowledge. Asking questions will prepare the mind/heart so that it will be ready for the answers/knowledge ready to absorb and learn.In this hadith he calls Jibril the questioner which implies full appreciation and encouragement of asking questions specially the ones that will lead to gaining more knowledge. In the Quran itself there are more than 1,200 questions to serve different purposes to provoke the mind of the reader and force it to indulge in thinking about what he/she reads. Scholars say that qadar can be seen at two levels i. We believe that Allah knew, with His ultimate knowledge, what all His creations will do, even before the creations took place. Allah recorded all this knowledge inAl-Lauhulmahfudz the preserved tablet. We believe that it is the will of Allah that these things will spot place, whether they are good or bad. ii. Allah created our willingness and our ability of doing things we can lonesome(prenominal) do something if we are willing and able to do it. However, we are responsible for the choices we make. Misconceptions about Qadar some Muslims believe that what they are discharge to do is caused by what has already been write in Al-Lauhulmahfudz they confuse causation with association. In truth what we have is association, not causation.What we do is not caused by what is indite by Allah. Allah with His ultimate knowledge knew what we are going to do. He could easily have put the good-doers into Jannah and the evil-doers into the Hellfire. But Allah is Adil (Just) so He created us in this life as to test us which way to go. What we are going to do will match wha t has already been written but its not a matter of causation what we do is out of our own willingness and ability and we do have full responsibility on whatever choice we make. smell at counselor-at-law and misguidance, guidance (hidayah) is a gift (rahmah) from Allah.It is Allah who created us and gave us the mind so we can distinguish between right and wrong to a certain capacity. It is Allah who equipped us with fitrah to like the truth and good and to dislike the wrong and evil It is Allah who gave us the ability and power to do things and it is Allah who sent the Messenger with the Message to guide us in things, which are beyond the reach of our conception. So when it comes to guidance it is a bounty from Allah. But when it comes to misguidance, it has to do with us. When we do bad deeds, it is from our own willingness and ability.Those who turn international from guidance do so because they want to turn away, i. e. they choose not to be guided. They have been misguided bec ause they are dogmatic they refuse to listen. And so when they swerved from the right way, Allah let their hearts swerve from the truth. Surah As-Saff (61) ayat 5 Nevertheless there are people who have not received the Message of Islam/guidance at all or the Message has not reached them in the clearest form, i. e. it is incomplete or distorted. These people are called Ahlul Fatrah and will be excused and not be punished, even though there are misguided. h p //fo tyhadi th. iu e m r . du. y h p //f o tyhadi th. iiu e m /hadi ths . h m r . du. y t PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http//www. pdffactory. com emailprotected com There are certain situations where we can do something about our qadar. For example Illness/sickness is qadar but we have been commanded by the Prophet, sallallahu alayhi wasallam, to look for a cure should we sustain ill. Finding a cure is also qadar. Thus, a qadar could be dealt with through another(prenominal) qadar. If something un fortunate happens to us, e. g. if we lost our job, we dont just say that its qadar and do nothing about it.We look for another job, the consequence of which is another qadar. Umar bin al-Khattab was traveling with a group of Sahabahs during his Khilafah (leadership). They were coming to a town when they heard that it had a contagious/infectious disease, i. e. cholera. Umar asked his group whether they should proceed or go back (to Madinah). The majority of the Sahabahs said they should go back but some said they should proceed. Then one Sahabi said he knew a hadith where the Prophet, sallallahu alayhi wasallam, said, If you hear that this disease exists in a country, dont travel to that country. So Umar decided that they should go back. Another Sahabi (it seems from the second group) asked him whether he was running away from a qadar. Umar replied that they were moving away from one qadar to another qadar. Thus, whenever there is a problem, a challenge or any hardship which we can r emove, overcome, solve or minimize, it is a must that we do so. Some scholars like al-Imam al-Jilani use the term overcoming qadar in this regard. In one hadith, the Prophet, sallallahu alayhi wasallam, said, Be keen for whatever is beneficial for you.Seek the help of Allah. And dont be reckless. This hadith implies we must make the effort. The right concept of qadar is we are responsible for whatever we do. For example If we were to drive recklessly and caused an accident where someone died or was injured, we cannot simply say that it is qadar, abusing the concept to justify our mistakes. It is qadar that the incident took place because it is by the permission of Allah. But we are responsible for the death because it is through our willingness and ability that it happened.Thats why in the courts we will be found guilty. If qadar can be used as an excuse, then many crimes will go unpunished a thief can simply engage that his stealing was qadar Those who abuse the concept of qadar are those who fail to be responsible. They abuse it to justify their failure. The correct way of using qadar as an excuse is if someone exerts himself to do his best to fulfil an obligation but due to an unavoidable circumstance, which was out of his control, he could not achieve that obligation then he might be excused.For example, a student has studied hard for an exam but on the day of the exam he falls sick and does poorly or cannot even attend the exam, then he can say that it is qadar and that it is the will of Allah. When it comes to religious obligations, the matter is the same. We cannot blame qadar for committing sins or failing to do a wajib as some Muslims might do. We have to know that we are responsible. We might get into a weak status of Iman in doing a sin or delaying a wajib. Islam is such a practical religion that it gives us room for repentance and getting back to the right path.In the above hadith the Prophet, sallallahu alayhi wasallam, defines Al-Islam, i. e. the quintuple pillars, as the outward actions of the limbs, Al-Iman as being associated with belief the inner actions of the heart, and Al-Ihsan as the highest level to attain. But the first two definitions can be interchanged with each other sometimes Islam can be used to describe internal actions and Iman can mean external actions. There are a few hadiths which The Prophet, sallallahu alayhi wasallam, mentions that there are more than seventy actions which are considered as Iman.If the term Islam is used on its own, it means the whole thing Al-Islam, Al-Iman and Al-Ihsan. Similarly, when Iman is used on its own it means Al-Iman, Al-Islam and Al-Ihsan. The Prophet, h p //fo tyhadi th. iiu e m r . du. y h p //f o tyhadi th. iiu e m /hadi ths . h m r . du. y t PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http//www. pdffactory. com emailprotected com sallallahu alayhi wasallam, mentions at the end of this hadith that the deen consists of these three things. If the Iman is weak it will affect Al-Islam (good deeds/actions).According to al-Imam Abu Hanifa Even though Al-Iman and Al-Islam are different, Al-Iman necessitates the actions (Al-Islam). Some Scholars say the Muslims are considered strangers among the Disbelievers and the Muaminin are considered strangers among the Muslims and the Muhsinin are considered strangers among the Muaminin. Al-Ihsan (the highest level of Iman where we worship Allah as if we see Him or if we dont see Him we know He sees us) is about cautioning Allah and glorifying Him. This will lead us to strive for our best in performing our ibadah we will be more sincere in our ibadah.Thus Al-Ihsan is also about the best actions of the heart. The actions that will lead to Al-Ihsan to love Allah the most, to fear Allah the most, to seek the help of Allah, to have institutionalize in Allah that He will give us mercy and guide us, to trust Allah wholly. When Jibril, aliyyhi as-Salam, asks the Prophet, sallallahu alayhi wasallam , about the Hour (the Day of Judgement), the Prophet, sallallahu alayhi wasallam, replies that neither he nor Jibril knows the answer. This is an example set by the Prophet, sallallahu alayhi wasallam, where even someone with vast knowledge like himself does not know everything and admits so.Al-Imam Malik was asked forty questions by someone and to most of them he answered I dont know Allah knows better. The man was surprised that the great Imam Malik didnt know the answers. Seeing the man surprised, Imam Malik told him that when he goes back to his town, to tell the people that he met and asked al-Imam Malik questions and Imam Malik said he didnt know the answers. AlImam Malik didnt want to be accountable for giving wrong answers. Thus, if we are to become an educator or a scholar, we should have the courage to admit what we do not know. We should not give an answer which may contain incorrect information.The signs of Akhirah mentioned in this hadith are minor signs, as opposed to major ones. We believe in these signs but we should not worry about them too much we should not worry about when these signs will occur. We should actually be careful as some of these signs are bad deeds and we must steer away from these bad deeds. conclusion This hadith contains everything about Islam the five-spot pillars of Islam, the beliefs that make up Iman (including the belief of fate or qadar), the attainment of the highest level of Iman which is Ihsan, the adab of seeking knowledge and of teaching. h p //fo tyhadi th. iiu e m r . u. y h p //f o tyhadi th. iiu e m /hadi ths . h m r . du. y t PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http//www. pdffactory. com emailprotected com 3. Islam, Iman, Ihsan, Qadar On the authority of Abu Abd al-Rahman Abdullah bin Umar bin al-Khattab, radiyallahu anhuma, who said I heard the Messenger of Allah, sallallahu alayhi wasallam, say Islam has been built upon five things on testifying that there is no god save Allah, and that Muhammad is His Messenger on performing salah on giving the zakah on Hajj to the House and on fasting during Ramadhan. Al-Bukhari & Muslim backgroundThis hadith is part of the previous Hadith (2). Most Scholars say that the reason why al-Imam alNawawi included this hadith in his collection, even though it seems that it repeats some portions of Hadith 2, is because of the importance of the 5 pillars of Islam. This Hadith stresses the fundamental aspects of the outward entrance to Allah. This submission is based on some pillars, similar to a structure. If a person fulfills these aspects, he has laid a solid foundation for his deen as a home. The other acts of Islam, which are not mentioned in this hadith, can be taken as fine touches to complete this structure.If a person fails to fulfill these obligations (building the pillars), then the entire structure of his deen/iman may be threatened. This depends on how much is being violated e. g. violation of the shahadah is the most dangerous. lessons The use of metaphors and similes h p //fo tyhadi th. iiu e m r . du. y h p //f o tyhadi th. iiu e m /hadi ths . h m r . du. y t PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http//www. pdffactory. com emailprotected com This hadith uses a metaphor (i. e. the image of the structure of a building) to roam certain important meanings.This use of metaphors and similes can be found in many Surahs in the Quran and in many other hadiths. For example In Surah At-Taubah (9) ayat 109, a similar metaphor is used the structure of the Muamins deen/iman is based on a sound foundation, whereas the structure of the deen of the Munafiq is based on weak ground which may lead to the collapse of the structure, resulting in the Munafik entering the Hellfire. Surah An-Nur (24) ayat 35, uses the metaphor of light as the light of guidance in the heart of the Muamin. A metaphor used to chastise those who fail to fulfill the amanah (i. . religious obligations) can be found in Surah Al-Jumuah (62) ayat 5. The Bani Israel, having failed to obey Allahs commandments in the Taurah, are described as a donkey which is care-laden with heavy books on its back but doesnt understand anything from them. Scholars have said that this metaphor also applies to other nations, which fail to fulfill their amanah. In one hadith the Prophet, sallallahu alayhi wasallam, divided the status of his ummah into three categories those who benefit from the Message, those who benefit partially and those who fail to benefit at all.He, sallallahu alayhi wasallam, used the metaphor of rain (as the Message) falling down on different types of land, producing different results. Using metaphors to convey the Message is a very important tool and it is the methodology used in the Quran and by the Prophet, sallallahu alayhi wasallam. There are many modes of expression used in the Quran and Hadith and they are used for different purposes. E. g. Dealing with the misconceptions and false ass umptions of the disbelievers, the Quran and Hadith use coherent thinking.When describing Jannah and the Hellfire, the style used by the Quran and Hadith is the visual mode of expression they are described in such detail that it is like we can actually visualize Jannah or the Hellfire in front of us. One of the Sahabahs said that he had already seen Jannah and the Hellfire. The other Sahabahs were puzzled and asked him how this could be so as nobody is able to see them until the Hereafter. He replied, I saw them through the eyes of the Prophet, sallallahu alayhi wasallam. If I were to be given the chance to see Jannah and the Hellfire with my own eyes, I would not trust my sight.I trust the eyes of the Prophet, sallallahu alayhi wasallam, more than I trust my own eyes. Here we can conclude that if we read and understand the Quran and the Hadiths we too can visualize the paradise and the Hellfire. These modes of expression (thinking styles) used by the Quran and Hadith should be we ll understood and used by Muslims instantly to convey the Message of Islam when doing dawah as it is the most effective way. Different styles should be used to reach/ lead different people some people are more emotional, some are more rational, etc. First Pillar The ShahadahThe first part of the Shahadah is testifying that there is none valuey of worship except Allah. There are seven conditions of the Shahadah Knowledge to understand what it means Certainty to have no doubt about anything confirmed in the Quran or Sunnah Acceptance by the tongue and the heart of whatever the Shahadah implies Submission/compliance the actual physical enactment by deeds Truthfulness to say the Shahadah sincerely, with honesty, to actually mean it Sincerity to do it solely for the sake of Allah Love to love the Shahadah and to love its implications and requirements and what it stands for p //fo tyhadi th. iiu e m r . du. y h p //f o tyhadi th. iiu e m /hadi ths . h m r . du. y t PDF c reated with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http//www. pdffactory. com emailprotected com The Shahadah is not simply saying it with our tongue. We want to adhere to these conditions. If we say the Shahadah sincerely and with honesty, we will not do anything which contradicts with or violates the Shahadah.The second part of the Shahadah carries the following conditions To believe in the Prophet, sallallahu alayhi wasallam, and in whatever he told us and conveyed to us To obey him in whatever he commanded us to do To stay away from or avoid whatever he commanded us not to do To follow or emulate him in our ibadah, akhlaq and way of life To love him more than we love ourselves, our family and anything else in this world To understand, practice and promote his Sunnah in the best way possible, without creating any chaos, enmity or harmSecond Pillar Establishing the Prayers (Salah) Some interpretations of this hadith translate iqamatus salah as performing the salah. Iqamatu s salah is a broader concept than what the term performing means. The Scholars say iqamatus salah implies Doing the wudu in the proper way To do the salah in its time To do it in congregation (jamaah) where the reward is 27 times than praying alone To fulfill the six conditions of salah To observe the proper manners (adab) of doing it such as submission and humility To follow preferable actions (sunnan) in our salahIt is important that we follow these conditions and not violate them if we want to truly fulfill the second pillar of Islam i. e. iqamatus salah. We should concoct that Allah initially commanded us to pray fifty times a day and it was eventually reduced to five times (with the reward of fifty) the prayer times are very reasonably spread out throughout the day it can even help us to manage our time it can help us to manage our affairs, allowing the Muslim community to project during congregation and care for and help each other which will lead in turn to solida rity.Thus, the prayers should not be seen as a burden as some Muslims might regard them today. Third Pillar Zakat The giving of Zakat has been pointed out by the Prophet, sallallahu alayhi wasallam, for certain things and in certain ways or percentages and under certain conditions. The Scholars say that knowing the details of Zakat except becomes an obligation when a person owns the type of property or thing which requires him to give Zakat for. E. g.Farmers or traders or property owners aim to know the conditions and percentages of Zakat that they are obligated to give. Fourth Pillar Hajj Pilgrimage (Hajj) to the House (Kaabah) is an obligation that we need to do only once in our lifetime only if we meet certain conditions, e. g. if we have the financial means, a way of travelling inactively, etc. If we meet these conditions then we should perform the Hajj as soon as possible and not to delay it. h p //fo tyhadi th. iiu e m r . du. y h p //f o tyhadi th. iu e m /hadi ths . h m r . du. y t PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http//www. pdffactory. com emailprotected com Some Scholars say that if we have the means to perform the Hajj several times, then it is better to use this money to help others to fulfill their obligations we will be rewarded for their pilgrimage or to use the money for the betterment of the community. For each of these Pillars there are conditions, sunnan, ethics (adab), etc. , which should be observed when we perform these ibadahs.Why do we always hear that every year hundreds of Muslims lose their lives or get injured during Hajj? Most of these incidents are due to the negligence of the adab or violation of the sunnan. For example, the throwing of stones at the Jamrat Even though we are supposed to use small stones, people tend to use big ones and throw recklessly from a far distance, create injuries to others. People do not follow the specified directions when they move, causing many to get crushed by the h uman waves moving in different directions.People avow on going to throw at the peak times, i. e. the busiest part of the day. The elderly, women and handicapped should be prompted to go when it is less crowded. Thus, it is important that we observe the adab. Fifth Pillar fast Ramadhan is a training program for all Muslims to go through, performing good deeds to become better Muslims. However, we should continue with these good deeds outside of Ramadhan praying in the mosque, Tahajjud, Qiamu alil, reciting the Quran, helping and caring for others etc.The Prophet, sallallahu alayhi wasallam, when asked what the best way is to finish reading the whole Quran, said to do it in one month, i. e. one Juzuk per day. This is something we should practice all the time and not have to wait for Ramadhan to do it. If we cannot achieve this, at least try to read one or two pages a day (a run of a hizb). Similarly we should try to do the night prayers (tahajjud), be it only two rakaat and not everyday, outside of Ramadhan. We should not make personal commitments in performing these preferable actions where the Shariah has not made this itself.This might lead us to giving up on our commitment and hence, the good deed. The best way is to do it on ease and convenience aiming at the continuity of these good deeds. conclusion All the Pillars of Islam have rulings, conditions and mannerisms (ahkam wa adab) applied to them. It is important that we know these ahkam and adab and regularly remind ourselves, especially before Ramadan or before performing the Hajj, so that we perform the Pillars properly and according to the Shariah. p //fo tyhadi th. iiu e m r . du. y h p //f o tyhadi th. iiu e m /hadi ths . h m r . du. y t PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http//www. pdffactory. com emailprotected com 4. basis of human being Al-Qadar Abu Abd al-Rahman Abdullah bin Masud, radiyallahu anhu, reported The Messenger of Allah, sallallahu alayhi wasallam, the most truthful, the most trusted, told us Verily the creation of any one of you takes place hen he is assembled in his mothers womb for forty days he is as a drop of fluid, then it becomes a clot for a similar period. Thereafter, it is a hoodlum looking like it has been chewed for a similar period. Then an angel is sent to him, who breathes the ruh (spirit) into him. This Angel is commanded to write Four decrees that he writes down his provision (rizq), his life span, his deeds, and whether he will be among the wretched or the blessed.I swear by Allah there is no God but He one of you may perform the deeds of the people of Paradise till there is naught but an arms length between him and it, when that which has been written will outstrip him so that he performs the deeds of the people of the Hell Fire one of you may perform the deeds of the people of the Hell Fire, till there is naught but an arms length between him and it, when that which has been written will take hold of him so that he performs the deeds of the people of Paradise and enters therein. Al-Bukhari & Muslim background h p //fo tyhadi th. iu e m r . du. y h p //f o tyhadi th. iiu e m /hadi ths . h m r . du. y t PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http//www. pdffactory. com emailprotected com This hadith was not only recorded by Al-Bukhari and Muslim but by other Scholars as well. Apart from Abdullah bin Masud, this hadith was also narrated by many other companions (Sahabahs). This narration by Abdullah bin Masud was recorded with different versions where some wrangling/terms conflicted with each other, resulting in different versions having different meanings regarding Creation.The conflicts are as follows 1. The addition of the word nutfah (the drop of a fluid) This word is not mentioned in Bukhari neither Muslims narration. However it was added to other narrations including the one chosen by al-Imam al-Nawawi to provide a better interpretation or explanation but instead it ga ve two conflicting views of the creation of mankind in terms of stages of the foetus First take up The three stages of the fetus consist of forty days each, equaling to a total of 120 days for the stages to complete.It is only after this 120 days that the ruh (spirit) is breathed into the fetus, as well as the recording of the fetus provision life span, deeds and destiny. This view, the inclusion of the word nuftah, is the view held by the majority of the Scholars. One problem with this view is that the stages of the fetus as interpreted in this hadith contradict the facts proven by experience today. Another problem concerns the Fatwa on abortion. Scholars say that abortion is allowed (provided there is a very good reason e. g. the womans life is in danger) only before the ruh is breathed into the fetus, i. e. efore 120 days as opposed to 40 days if the second view is to be taken (see below). Second View The word nutfah does not belong to the text of the hadith. This changes the meaning of the hadith which interprets the three stages of the fetus as victorious place in the first forty days. This view correlates with scientific facts. And this means that the ruh is breathed into the fetus after forty days, and not 120 days. Consequently the Fatwa on abortion states that abortion is allowed only before forty days. 2. The authenticity of the last section of the Hadith Some Scholars say that the last section of the hadith (i. . By Allah) is not part of the text of the Prophet, sallallahu alayhi wasallam, but the words of Abdullah bin Masud. But since the issue in this hadith is related to matters which we cannot perceive with our limited human perception, this last section is accepted and included here because Abdullah bin Masud may have derived the meaning from another hadith of the Prophet, sallallahu alayhi wasallam, to explain this hadith better. There are other hadiths collected by Al-Bukhari and Muslim, which touch on the same issue. But there are some differences between the texts of those hadiths and this one.Those hadiths narrate the Prophet, sallallahu alayhi wasallam, as saying One of you will perform the acts of the people of the Paradise (Ahlul Jannah) as it appears in the eyes of the people. This is like the Munafiqin or hypocrites they do the acts of the Muaminin. They appear, in our eyes, to be doing the acts of the Ahlul Jannah but Allah knows best. Their end will be a disaster by being Munafiqin they are actually denying the message of God in their deep hearts as Allah mentioned in the Quran and their end will be in the Hellfire since they do not submit to Allah in their hearts.This explanation of the other hadiths is important in the understanding of this hadith. h p //fo tyhadi th. iiu e m r . du. y h p //f o tyhadi th. iiu e m /hadi ths . h m r . du. y t PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http//www. pdffactory. com emailprotected com lessons The Scholars say when we do a research on a concept or an issue mentioned in hadiths, we shouldnt depend on only one hadith we need to search for other similar hadiths, which deal with the same issue/matter.We must remember that some narrators will narrate a hadith by its meaning, and not exactly as it was said by the Prophet, sallallahu alayhi wasallam. This is because being human, some of them may forget some of the exact words/terms used by the Prophet, sallallahu alayhi wasallam but they still understand the actual meaning of what was said. Then we need to compare the different texts of hadiths on the same issue with each other in order to have a more complete interpretation and better understanding of the issue/matter at hand.Some people, on hearing this hadith as it is and without further explanation, might feel despair, fearing that they fall into the bad group of people mentioned. This will lead to determination (jabriah) they may think that no matter what they do, if their end has already been written, then why should they imposition to do good deeds. This is the wrong attitude to have as it is based on a wrong perception. Allah is Just. We should trust Allah. If we are good to Allah and trust Him, He will be good to us. We should be optimistic and not pessimistic.We follow Allahs commands and make the effort to be good Muslims and we should not despair. During one of the battles, a companion (Sahabi) said to the Prophet, sallallahu alayhi wasallam, that he was following him, sallallahu alayhi wasallam, to fight in the hope that an arrow will be shot through his (the Sahabis) neck, coming in from the front and going out the back. The Prophet, sallallahu alayhi wasallam, said, If you are honest with Allah, Allah will be honest with you. The Sahabi died exactly as he hoped to. The Prophets, sallallahu alayhi wasallam, words here are generic and can be used for all situations.If we are honest with Allah, Allah will not leave us He will help us He will guide us, etc. The closer we are to Allah, the mo re He will help us and guide us. Thus, the last section of this hadith is an exception and applies only to few people such as the Munafiqin. But this, on the other hand, does not mean that we live in hope alone. The Scholars say that we must combine hope with fear when we worship Allah, we should have hope as well as fear of Him. Fearing Allah is a commanding thing. The more we fear Allah, the closer we get to Him. The more we fear Allah, the more calm and at peace we will be.This is unlike the pictorial fear where if we fear something, e. g. a fire or a dangerous animal, we will try to get away from it. Scholars say that we should have an equal amount of hope to the amount of fear. This is so we will have a better status of Iman (faith) there is no despair and at the same time there is no excessive hope (over-confidence) which could lead to laziness and the non-fulfillment of our obligations. This is why we need to combine hope and fear, as well as love Allah the most and have trust in Him. This above hadith is about Allahs Creation and Qadar.The statement that which has been written will overtake him should be understood in the positive sense and not negatively. Allah with His ultimate knowledge knows what will happen as it has been explained in the previous hadith. Al-Qadar can be categorized as 1. Al-Qadar al-Kulli the general qadar which has been recorded by Allah in Al-Lauhulmahfudz or the Preserved Tablet. 2. Al-Qadar al-Sanawi the annual qadar which takes place once a year (Lailatul qadar) where it matchs what has been written in Al-Lauhulmahfudz. h p //fo tyhadi th. iiu e m r . du. y h p //f o tyhadi th. iiu e m /hadi ths . m r . du. y t PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http//www. pdffactory. com emailprotected com What has been written in Al-Lauhulmahfudz is only cognise to Allah. It is not revealed to us we dont know about our destiny, what our rizq is, where well end up, etc. To us it is ghaib and unknown. The transl ation of this hadith using the word overtake may not give the true meaning if it were to be understood that whatever has been recorded by the angels will be imposed on a persons life. We are simply being told about Ilmu Allah or the ultimate knowledge of Allah.What has been written does not cause us to do what we do. It is not a cause and affect situation, as believed by many Muslims. Many Muslims believe that as it has already been written, therefore this will cause us to do whatever has been written. The truth is even though it has been written and even though we will do it, we will not do it because it has been written. It is actually an association, or a matching. What we are going to do matches the knowledge of Allah, because Allahs knowledge is ultimate. In other words, what we are going to do matches what has been written.This shows the glory of Allah, the ultimate knowledge of Allah. So we should not have the understanding that things are imposed on us. Otherwise this will n ullify the whole concept of iman (faith) and the whole concept of Creation and all other related concepts. We are responsible for what we choose and for what we do. Referring to the last section of this hadith where a persons final destiny changes at the last minute and he ends up not as expected, there are examples in the Sirahs where some people embrace Islam in the last minute e. g. they embrace Islam and go into battle and die, some of them not having done a single good deed.There are also many examples today where non-practicing Muslims or those doing bad deeds, having reached the last stages of their lives (at the age of 50 or 60), will repent and turn into a good Muslim. The same applies for thousands of new converts every year. These people, according to the will of Allah, will be forgiven and enter Paradise. For the other scenario where a person performs good deeds most of his/her life and at the end of his/her life perform bad deeds deserving to enter the Hellfire (as men tioned in the hadith), this situation affects only a limited number of people compared to the first one.And it is because of the person himself, such as in the case of hypocrites. To have the correct understanding of the concept of qadar, we need to know more about the creation of the human being. What is mentioned in this Hadith is actually a miracle. It describes the stages of the fetus and the creation of man 1,400 years before science and technology confirm it as fact. (This description of the stages of the fetus can also be found in the Quran but without the mention of the periods of times. In other words, scientists were only able to observe this phenomenon in the last few decades whereas it was already mentioned in the Quran and Hadith hundreds of years ago. A multitude regarding the Creation was held in atomic number 63 several years ago and some Muslim Scholars were invited to attend. When these Scholars gave the Islamic perspective regarding the stages of the fetus, showi ng that this was documented in the Quran and the Hadith, some of the people who attended the conference embraced Islam they were convinced that it is a Divine revelation.We also need to understand the components of the human being in order to help us understand qadar in the positive way. The human being consists of the following components The intellect (Al-Aql) this allows us, to a certain extent, to distinguish between good and evil. The intellect is part of us, part of the creation of Allah. Based on this, a person is regarded as mukallaf, responsible to understand and accept the massage of Allah if he is sane. If someone is mentally disturbed or insane, then he is not mukallaf.The natural disposition or innate (Al-Fitrah) we are created with this innate which enables us to love what is good and what is right and to hate what is evil and what is wrong. It consists of love and hate. Even though we are created with this fitrah, it is subject to change due to the environment, to our parents, upbringing, etc. Therefore there are people who might love what is bad due to a botch up or a corrupted fitrah. The Scholars say the original fitrah is still there h p //fo tyhadi th. iiu e m r . du. y h p //f o tyhadi th. iiu e m /hadi ths . h m r . du. y t PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http//www. dffactory. com emailprotected com inwardly these people if we try to awaken the fitrah, these people will come back to loving good and hating bad. The commitment that we make, at the time of our pre-creation, to worship only Allah. This is related to the fitrah it causes us to have this natural disposition or innate towards loving what is good and hating what is bad. The willingness (Al-Iradah) and Power (Qudrah) Allah provided us with willingness and power/ability. An action cannot take place without this willingness and power we do something only if we are willing and we have the power to do it.But this willingness and power are neutral an d can be manipulated and used in either good or bad ways. We have also been created with desires (shahawat) and the existence of these desires within us can manipulate our willingness or power towards good or bad. Desires are part of what is known as the internal challenges things which influence our willingness and ability. The internal challenges consist of o o Shahawat/Hawa (self desires) Nafs, of which there are three different aspects i. The nafs which encourages us to do bad deeds ii. The nafs which blames us for our bad deeds or thoughts of bad deeds (if we have iman and knowledge) e. . our nafs says Arent you ashamed of yourself for thinking about drinking alcohol? iii. The peaceful nafs (al-Mutmainah) We can be dealing with these three different aspects of the nafs in a short period of time, e. g. within less than an hour, where (i) we start in thinking about doing a bad deed, caused by al-nafsu ammarah bi sua which is the first aspect of nafs, but due to our faith (ii) the blaming self prevents us from performing that bad deed, leading us to (iii) the aspect of the peaceful self. There are also external challenges (which attract the internal challenges) o o The existing muharamat (prohibitions) e. . the first aspect of nafs will offset the hawa and the hawa will pertain us to think about and do the bad deeds. The ingratiation/whispering (waswasa) of Satan. All that Satan can do is to insinuate. He will try to convince us to do bad deeds by promoting evil and making it appear nice and acceptable to us, or convince us to delay doing good deeds. E. g. if we are good Muslims Satan will try to make us delay performing the prayer or giving the sadaqah by making it appear as a bad thing to do because giving sadaqah will result in a financial burden for us. As we can see, both cases are done through coloring our perception.We can see that some of the components of the human being help us while some are challenges. For example, the Fitrah and Aql are strong components which direct us to do good. However there is a limit to our intellect and for this Allah sent us the Messengers with the revelations to guide us. Allahs Guidance helps us by telling us what is good and what is bad, in what forms the insinuation of Satan can come in, etc. When we recite the Quran with contemplation, we will attain the insight (basirah) which will activate the blaming-self and the nafs ul mutma inah.The Quran tells us that we have been created to be well-tried (Allah) Who has created death and life that He may test you which of you is best in deed. Surah Al-Mulk (67) ayat 2 Allah tells us what we are being tested on and the scenarios mentioned above describe the nature of the test. This is the mercy of Allah He equips us with the power, the will, the fitrah, the aql, the Message/guidance, etc. But He warns us that our will is going to be tested by internal and external challenges. The power and willingness is neutral but it can be influenced/direct ed to go either way, p //fo tyhadi th. iiu e m r . du. y h p //f o tyhadi th. iiu e m /hadi ths . h m r . du. y t PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http//www. pdffactory. com emailprotected com good or bad. If we have the insight (basirah), if we recite the Quran, if we are close to Allah, if we have the wisdom (hikmah), then what will be excited is the sound mind and the shahawat (selfdesires) will be controlled and we will not be misled by them. Satan will not come close to us because he knows that if he does so he will not be able to influence us.If we look at it this way, our life is a challenge its a authoritative test that we have to go through. Even with all these components Allah has equipped us with, we still need Tawfiqul Allah (guidance from Allah). Without tawfiq we might be misled by our desires or by the insinuation of Satan. Thus we need to be closer to Allah. We need to do dua to Allah (calling on Him) all the time and to devote our hearts to Him so that we are constantly seeking His help, His refuge, His Hidayah (guidance). Thats why at least 17 times a day we say Guide us to the Straight Way we need Allahs guidance again and again.The guidance is not only to the path but it is also within the path. These are the two types of guidance (hidayah) (i) to the path is becoming a Muslim and (ii) within the path is increasing our S. The Scholars say we need guidance within the path every second of the day we need Allahs guidance more than we need to breathe. It is narrated by the Prophet, sallallahu alayhi wasallam, in one Hadith that Allah created a man on an island where he was the only person there. Allah gave the man rizq by providing fruits on which he survived. For 70 ears the man lived and worshipped only Allah, as there were no challenges there. When the time came for the man to die, Allah commanded the angel to bring his soul to Him. Allah asked the man, O My servant, to Paradise or to Hellfire? The man replied, O Allah, Almighty, to Paradise. Allah said, O My servant, is it because of My Mercy or is it because of your amal (good deeds)? The man replied, O Allah, it is because of my amal. For 70 years I worshipped you. I have done nothing bad, only good deeds worshipping you. Then Allah commanded his angel to take the bounty of sight and put it on one scale.He then commanded the angel to put the mans 70 years worth of good deeds on the other scale. The bounty of sight weighed heavier than the deeds of 70 years. In summary, if for 70 years we were to worship Allah and do good deeds and refrain from bad deeds, we will still not be able to repay Allah for one of His bounties. The Scholars say if you want to know Allahs bounty on you, close your eyes. If we close our eyes and imagine that we can no longer see and try to picture how our life would be, only then can we truly appreciate and value the mercy of Allah. onclusion The hadiths are the sources of our iman (faith), knowledge, and guidan ce as we are taught by the Prophet, sallallahu alayhi wasallam. Studying and understanding the Hadiths will activate our insight (basirah), enlighten our hearts, and uplift our souls. This will by the help of Allah, lead us and keep us on the right path to the end, insha Allah. h p //fo tyhadi th. iiu e m r . du. y h p //f o tyhadi th. iiu e m /hadi ths . h m r . du. y t PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http//www. pdffactory. com emailprotected com . Ibadah & Bidaah (Innovation) It is narrated on the authority of the Mother of the Believers, Umm Abdullah Aishah, radiyallahu anha, that the Messenger of Allah, sallallahu alayhi wasallam, said Whosoever introduces into this affair of ours (i. e. into Islam) something that does not belong to it, it is to be rejected. Al-Bukhari & Muslim According to the version in Muslim, (it reads) Whosoever works a work which has for it no command of ours is to be rejected. background Like Hadith 1, this hadith is one of the m ost important hadiths.Imam Nawawi said it should be memorised by every Muslim. This hadith is used as a criterion for assessment external actions or performance of Ibadah. If an action is not done in accordance with the Shariah or the Sunnah of the Prophet, sallallahu alayhi wasallam, it will be rejected and not accepted by Allah based on text of this hadith. This hadith complements Hadith 1, which was a criterion for judging the intentions or the internal actions of the heart. The Scholars say that the acceptance of actions of Ibadah is based on the above two conditions i.The intention the action should be done with sincerity, for the sake of only Allah. It should be done in accordance with the Sunnah of the Prophet, sallallahu alayhi wasallam. ii. Apart from Hadith 1 and Hadith 5, the acceptance of actions can also be found in Surah Al-Kahf (18) ayat cx Whoever looks forward to meeting his Sustainer (on Day of Judgement), let him do righteous deeds, and let him not ascribe unto anyone or anything a share in the worship due to his Sustainer. Emulating and following the Prophet, sallallahu alayhi wasallam, is a Quranic obligation.Allah, the Almighty says h p //fo tyhadi th. iiu e m r . du. y h p //f o tyhadi th. iiu e m /hadi ths . h m r . du. y t PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http//www. pdffactory. com emailprotected com Verily, in the apostle of God you have the best example to emulate for everyone who looks forward (with hope and awe) to Allah and the Last Day, and remembers Allah unceasingly. Surah Al-Ahzab (33) ayat 21. Say (O Prophet) If you love Allah, follow me, (and) Allah will love you and forgive you your sins. lessonsThis hadith is related to a very important concept which is following the Sunnah and violating this concept will lead to bidaah which will be discussed in detail, insha Allah, in Hadith 28. Scholars classify actions of the Prophet, sallallahu alayhi wasallam, into actions done for the purpose of Ibadah (wors hiping Allah) and actions which are not done for that purpose (i. e. customs, actions done haphazardly, etc. ). There are clear indicators for actions done for the purpose of Ibadah such as commands to do or not to do something, warnings for not doing something, etc.Muslims are only obliged to follow the first kind of Sunnah. Looking at it in a positive way, the actions (i. e. forms of ibadah) that we do should be done in accordance with the Shariah or the Sunnah of the Prophet, sallallahu alayhi wasallam, and to ensure this there is a criterion consisting of five aspects that will keep our actions in check i. Time Any ibadah that we do has to be done in its designated or specified time. E. g. There are fixed times in the day for the five prayers. For fasting, the month for fasting is Ramadhan. The period that we can fast is from fajr to sunset.Similarly, there is a specific time in the year when we can perform the Hajj from the 8 to the 12 Zulhijjah. Place The Shariah has specifie d that certain ibadahs have to be performed in designated places. E. g. The places for performing the Hajj, Itikaf, doing Ihram for Hajj have been fixed by the Shariah and this is something which is sometimes violated by Muslims, e. g. doing the Ihram (starting talbiyyah and niyyah for Hajj) in Jeddah is incorrect. Quantity For most of the ibadahs the Shariah has specified a certain number of times that the ibadahs or their components need to be performed.E. g. For prayers, there are specified number of rakaahs and sujud and for Tawaf there is a fixed number of rounds (7), etc. We should not violate these rules intentionally. To violate intentionally may make the ibadah subject to be rejected. Way Every ibadah was described or shown to us by the Prophet, sallallahu alayhi wasallam being our best model to follow and emulate. The way that the ibadahs are performed by him have to be followed it should not be violated. E. g. There are different ways of performing different prayers Sal at ul-Janazah has no ruku or sujud.Even the size of the stones used for throwing at the Jamrat has been specified by the Prophet, sallallahu alayhi wasallam, as not to be too big. Before we perform any ibadah, we should know and learn the way the Prophet, sallallahu alayhi wasallam, performed it and we should do it in the right way as he did it. The Prophet, sallallahu alayhi wasallam, said, Pray as you have seen me praying. Many Muslims today violate the way ibadahs are performed, because of ignorance or because they do not bother to learn, and they end up doing the ibadah in the wrong way. ii. ii. iv. h p //fo tyhadi th. iiu e m r . du. y h p //f o tyhadi th. iiu e m /hadi ths . h m r . du. y t PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http//www. pdffactory. com emailprotected com v. Type If the Shariah has specified a type of ibadah, then we should stick to that type. E. g. Al-Udhiah (sacrifice) the type of animal to be sacrificed has been specified by the Shariah and this should not be violated. Recently a Sheikh in one of the Muslim countries made a fatwa that Muslims can use chicken as sacrifice this is a violation of the type.If a Muslim cannot afford to offer a sacrifice, then they dont have to do it as it is not a wajib (i. e. an obligation). In certain years, some of the Sahabahs (companions) purposely did not perform the sacrifice so that the people did not think that it was a wajib. A clear distinction should be made about the actions of the Prophet, sallallahu alayhi wasallam whether they were done only from time to time or whether they were done continuously on a regular basis. For example, some o

Drama Journal Entry

Wk6 Assign Project 1 Journal Drama Part II 1. What is your reception to this weeks play Fences? My reaction is that Troy Maxson has made a lot of mistakes in his life, but finally has settled on the right track. He has a wonderful wife, a son, and a steady job. But when Troys son brings home a request that causes him to look back and dwell on the bitter racism in his unfulfilled past, Troys electrostatic life takes a downward spiral.As the Maxson family loses contact with each other and relationships change in the blink of an eye, each character must fight through their intragroup demons to overcome the conflict that has overtaken their family. 2. What do you feel is significant ab tabu this play? (Discuss possible themes and the authors intentions. ) Troy, being an uneducated black man living in the federation had many challenges and obstacles to overcome.In the end, the apple doesnt fall too far from the tree. Roses character reminds us why our children need an education and woman rights need to be acknowledged and fought for. When she finds out her husband is cheating and at 54 he is going to be a father again. Rose has nowhere to go thick or thin, unafraid or bad, Rose is stuck. 3. What do you think is the value of this dramatic piece and the form of literature it is written in? Why has this play become a classic, and why is it so highly regarded? ) Fences is peerless of those rare works of literature that is able to take a real-life situation and turn it into something deeply meaningful and important. It is one of the most accurate and intriguing depictions of relationships between people that I have ever read. August Wilson strikes a perfect balance of plot and dialogue and ends up with a definite home run. It was literature written in Drama.